CPI and PPI Are the Next Test After a Weak September Jobs Report

Key Takeaways

-September payrolls rose by just 29,000 against expectations of roughly 90,000, and unemployment rose to 4.2%.

-The Fed raised rates by 25 basis points on September 16, to 3.75%-4.00%. Inflation is now the other side of the equation.

-Headline CPI is expected to accelerate to about 3.6% year on year, driven by energy, while core is expected to cool to about 0.2% month on month.

-CPI is due October 14 and PPI on October 15. A hot or soft surprise in both could swing the dollar, yields and gold.

-Markets price about a 19% chance of an October hike and 87% by December. Those odds can shift quickly after the data.

The September report was soft across the board. Payrolls missed, unemployment rose from 4.1% to 4.2%, and average hourly earnings rose only 0.1% month on month. July and August were also revised down by a combined 60,000 jobs.

It was not a collapse, though. Unemployment claims remain low, which suggests companies are hiring more cautiously rather than cutting staff. That makes the Fed’s job harder: keeping rates restrictive for too long could hurt jobs and spending, while easing too soon could let inflation re-accelerate.

What to Watch in CPI

August readings were 3.4% year on year and 0.4% month on month for headline CPI, and 2.4% and 0.3% for core. The September report is due October 14 at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time.

Economists expect headline inflation to rise to about 3.6% annually, with prices up around 0.6% on the month, largely on energy costs. Core is expected to ease to about 0.2% month on month. Three components matter:

-Headline CPI: includes food and energy, so higher oil prices could lift it even if inflation elsewhere cools.

-Core CPI: strips out food and energy and shows whether price pressure is broad and persistent.

-Shelter and services: these categories tend to fall slowly, so they signal how sticky inflation really is.

A softer core reading alongside a hotter headline would suggest energy is doing most of the work. If both beat expectations, markets could price a more hawkish Fed.

Why PPI Could Change the Story

CPI usually gets the stronger immediate reaction, but the October 15 PPI report matters too. It tracks prices received by domestic producers. Businesses may absorb higher costs for a while, but sustained pressure can eventually be passed on to consumers. PPI also feeds into estimates of PCE, the Fed’s preferred inflation measure.

The two reports are most useful together. Soft CPI and soft PPI would suggest inflation is cooling broadly. Soft CPI with hot PPI would raise doubts about whether the improvement can last.

Three Scenarios

-Softer CPI and PPI: This could reduce hike expectations and push yields and the dollar lower, which would support gold. It would not necessarily mean a cut, since markets may simply price a longer pause.

-Hotter CPI and PPI: This could revive expectations for further tightening and support yields and the dollar, which would pressure gold. Safe-haven demand from geopolitical tensions could complicate that reaction.

-Mixed readings: Direction would be unclear. Gold could rise on soft CPI, then reverse the next day on firm PPI, with sharp intraday swings as traders reprice the Fed.

Gold and the Dollar Going In

On October 12, spot gold traded around $4,172 an ounce while the dollar sat near its strongest level in about eighteen months, according to Reuters. A strong dollar and high yields have weighed on gold ahead of the data.

The first move after a release is often driven by positioning and thin liquidity, so it is not always the final move. Traders should check whether Treasury yields and the dollar index confirm what gold is doing. If gold rises while yields and the dollar fall, the move has stronger support. If yields recover, gold may give back its gains.

Indicators to Monitor Before the Fed Meets October 27-28

-Fed rate expectations: CME FedWatch shows how markets price upcoming decisions.

-Treasury yields: The two-year reflects near-term policy expectations, and the ten-year reflects broader inflation and growth concerns.

-US Dollar Index (DXY): This helps confirm whether the market reads the data as hawkish or dovish.

-Gold (XAU/USD): Compare its moves with yields and the dollar to judge whether the initial reaction will hold.

Bottom Line

The weak jobs report has increased pressure on the Fed to balance slowing growth against stubborn inflation. Softer CPI and PPI would strengthen the case for a pause and could support gold, hotter readings would keep further hikes on the table, and mixed data would leave markets unsettled. What matters is less the inflation figures themselves than how they change Fed expectations.

For the complete breakdown of the upcoming CPI and PPI release, click the learn more button below.